Data Table for Rate/Trend Comparison by Cancer
Death Rate/Trend Comparison by Cancer, 2019-2023
Virginia Counties versus United States
All Cancer Sites
All Races, Both Sexes
Sorted by name
Counties
|
Priority Index1 1=highest 9=lowest 
|
Recent Trend2 |
County Death Rate Compared to US Rate |
Average Annual Count
|
Age-Adjusted Death Rate deaths per 100,000 (95% Confidence Interval)
|
Rate Ratio3 County to US
|
Recent 5-Year Trend2 in Death Rates (95% Confidence Interval)
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | - | falling | - | 605,771 | 145.4 (145.2, 145.6) | - | -1.3 (-1.5, -1.2) |
| Virginia | - | falling | - | 15,616 | 147.9 (146.9, 149.0) | - | -1.3 (-1.5, -0.7) |
| York County | 9 | falling | lower | 113 | 124.2 (114.1, 135.1) | 0.9 | -2.7 (-3.4, -1.9) |
| Wythe County | 4 | stable | higher | 78 | 178.9 (161.0, 198.4) | 1.2 | -0.7 (-1.6, 0.1) |
| Wise County | 4 | stable | higher | 110 | 226.4 (207.4, 246.9) | 1.6 | -0.5 (-1.1, 0.1) |
| Winchester City | 8 | falling | similar | 55 | 157.0 (138.7, 177.1) | 1.1 | -1.9 (-2.8, -1.0) |
| Williamsburg City | 8 | falling | similar | 27 | 150.6 (125.7, 179.8) | 1.0 | -23.0 (-40.1, -10.5) |
| Westmoreland County | 8 | falling | similar | 54 | 155.0 (136.3, 176.3) | 1.1 | -2.3 (-3.7, -1.0) |
| Waynesboro City | 4 | stable | higher | 60 | 197.0 (174.9, 221.2) | 1.4 | -0.4 (-1.4, 0.6) |
| Washington County | 4 | stable | higher | 152 | 170.6 (158.1, 183.9) | 1.2 | 1.7 (-1.2, 7.1) |
| Warren County | 4 | stable | higher | 96 | 179.3 (163.1, 196.8) | 1.2 | -0.7 (-1.4, 0.0) |
| Virginia Beach City | 8 | falling | similar | 771 | 146.5 (141.9, 151.3) | 1.0 | -1.5 (-1.8, -1.3) |
| Tazewell County | 4 | stable | higher | 120 | 186.8 (171.5, 203.2) | 1.3 | -0.2 (-1.0, 0.6) |
| Sussex County | 4 | stable | higher | 31 | 207.1 (174.5, 244.7) | 1.4 | -0.7 (-1.7, 0.3) |
| Surry County | 6 | stable | similar | 18 | 164.2 (129.6, 206.9) | 1.1 | -1.6 (-3.9, 0.7) |
| Suffolk City | 5 | falling | higher | 181 | 161.4 (150.8, 172.5) | 1.1 | -2.1 (-2.6, -1.6) |
| Staunton City | 4 | stable | higher | 70 | 182.4 (163.4, 203.3) | 1.3 | -0.3 (-1.3, 0.8) |
| Stafford County | 8 | falling | similar | 203 | 146.1 (136.8, 155.8) | 1.0 | -2.0 (-2.3, -1.5) |
| Spotsylvania County | 8 | falling | similar | 232 | 144.5 (136.1, 153.4) | 1.0 | -1.8 (-2.4, -1.1) |
| Southampton County | 8 | falling | similar | 47 | 161.1 (140.7, 184.2) | 1.1 | -1.5 (-2.4, -0.6) |
| Smyth County | 4 | stable | higher | 99 | 205.9 (187.6, 225.7) | 1.4 | -0.3 (-0.9, 0.2) |
| Shenandoah County | 4 | stable | higher | 122 | 177.1 (162.8, 192.3) | 1.2 | -0.5 (-1.2, 0.1) |
| Scott County | 4 | stable | higher | 69 | 183.4 (163.8, 205.2) | 1.3 | -0.7 (-1.9, 0.4) |
| Salem City | 4 | stable | higher | 66 | 183.2 (163.4, 204.9) | 1.3 | -0.6 (-1.7, 0.4) |
| Russell County | 4 | stable | higher | 78 | 188.5 (169.4, 209.4) | 1.3 | -0.6 (-1.5, 0.2) |
| Rockingham County | 6 | stable | similar | 181 | 144.9 (135.4, 154.9) | 1.0 | 2.9 (-1.6, 6.2) |
| Rockbridge County | 8 | falling | similar | 60 | 143.7 (127.0, 162.5) | 1.0 | -1.6 (-2.5, -0.6) |
| Roanoke County | 8 | falling | similar | 208 | 136.9 (128.5, 145.8) | 0.9 | -1.1 (-1.6, -0.5) |
| Roanoke City | 5 | falling | higher | 242 | 188.6 (177.8, 199.9) | 1.3 | -0.7 (-1.1, -0.3) |
| Richmond County | 6 | stable | similar | 25 | 171.7 (142.1, 206.5) | 1.2 | -0.6 (-1.8, 0.6) |
| Richmond City | 8 | falling | similar | 353 | 148.3 (141.2, 155.6) | 1.0 | -2.8 (-3.2, -2.5) |
| Rappahannock County | 6 | stable | similar | 17 | 120.1 (94.7, 152.3) | 0.8 | -1.5 (-3.0, 0.2) |
| Radford City | 8 | falling | similar | 20 | 171.9 (139.2, 209.8) | 1.2 | -1.4 (-2.7, -0.1) |
| Pulaski County | 8 | falling | similar | 85 | 155.2 (140.3, 171.4) | 1.1 | -1.8 (-2.4, -1.2) |
| Prince William County | 9 | falling | lower | 529 | 127.4 (122.4, 132.6) | 0.9 | -2.1 (-2.4, -1.8) |
| Prince George County | 8 | falling | similar | 64 | 153.5 (136.8, 171.7) | 1.1 | -1.7 (-2.6, -0.6) |
| Prince Edward County | 4 | stable | higher | 50 | 196.4 (171.9, 223.5) | 1.4 | 0.4 (-0.5, 3.9) |
| Powhatan County | 8 | falling | similar | 58 | 131.0 (115.6, 148.1) | 0.9 | -2.8 (-3.5, -2.0) |
| Portsmouth City | 5 | falling | higher | 210 | 188.7 (177.1, 200.8) | 1.3 | -1.3 (-1.8, -0.8) |
| Poquoson City | 6 | stable | similar | 29 | 160.2 (134.9, 189.5) | 1.1 | -0.9 (-2.4, 0.8) |
| Pittsylvania County | 5 | falling | higher | 165 | 163.8 (152.2, 176.1) | 1.1 | -1.1 (-1.7, -0.5) |
| Petersburg City | 4 | stable | higher | 99 | 238.7 (217.4, 261.7) | 1.6 | 1.1 (-0.3, 6.6) |
| Patrick County | 4 | stable | higher | 62 | 190.5 (168.7, 215.0) | 1.3 | -0.3 (-1.3, 0.8) |
| Page County | 4 | stable | higher | 68 | 176.5 (157.8, 197.3) | 1.2 | -0.3 (-1.3, 0.8) |
| Orange County | 5 | falling | higher | 100 | 184.1 (167.9, 201.6) | 1.3 | -1.1 (-1.8, -0.3) |
| Nottoway County | 4 | stable | higher | 44 | 201.1 (175.1, 230.2) | 1.4 | -0.8 (-1.7, 0.1) |
| Norton City | 4 | stable | higher | 12 | 241.6 (183.1, 314.5) | 1.7 | -0.4 (-2.5, 1.8) |
| Northumberland County | 8 | falling | similar | 44 | 145.6 (125.8, 169.4) | 1.0 | -1.7 (-2.9, -0.6) |
| Northampton County | 8 | falling | similar | 35 | 145.1 (123.0, 171.1) | 1.0 | -12.3 (-20.6, -2.8) |
| Norfolk City | 5 | falling | higher | 408 | 179.8 (171.8, 188.1) | 1.2 | -1.4 (-1.8, -1.0) |
| Newport News City | 5 | falling | higher | 340 | 174.4 (166.0, 183.1) | 1.2 | -1.1 (-1.6, -0.7) |
| New Kent County | 4 | stable | higher | 56 | 183.7 (161.3, 208.5) | 1.3 | -0.9 (-2.1, 0.6) |
| Nelson County | 6 | stable | similar | 47 | 166.3 (144.1, 191.6) | 1.1 | -0.8 (-1.9, 0.2) |
| Montgomery County | 8 | falling | similar | 137 | 139.7 (129.3, 150.8) | 1.0 | -1.3 (-1.9, -0.6) |
| Middlesex County | 8 | falling | similar | 39 | 155.8 (133.2, 182.8) | 1.1 | -1.5 (-2.5, -0.4) |
| Mecklenburg County | 5 | falling | higher | 98 | 174.6 (158.8, 191.9) | 1.2 | -0.9 (-1.6, -0.2) |
| Mathews County | 6 | stable | similar | 29 | 165.0 (135.7, 200.4) | 1.1 | -1.1 (-3.0, 0.7) |
| Martinsville City | 1 | rising | higher | 42 | 244.3 (211.2, 281.3) | 1.7 | 1.4 (0.1, 2.8) |
| Manassas Park City | 9 | falling | lower | 10 | 76.2 (55.4, 101.8) | 0.5 | -5.1 (-7.6, -2.7) |
| Manassas City | 6 | stable | similar | 52 | 156.3 (136.6, 178.0) | 1.1 | 1.4 (-2.1, 10.0) |
| Madison County | 6 | stable | similar | 34 | 155.1 (131.3, 182.6) | 1.1 | -1.1 (-2.4, 0.2) |
| Lynchburg City | 4 | stable | higher | 157 | 184.9 (171.9, 198.7) | 1.3 | 0.0 (-0.8, 3.1) |
| Lunenburg County | 5 | falling | higher | 35 | 175.5 (149.4, 205.5) | 1.2 | -1.3 (-2.5, 0.0) |
| Louisa County | 8 | falling | similar | 90 | 157.2 (142.3, 173.4) | 1.1 | -1.9 (-2.9, -1.0) |
| Loudoun County | 9 | falling | lower | 406 | 110.9 (106.0, 115.9) | 0.8 | -2.5 (-3.0, -1.9) |
| Lexington City | 8 | falling | similar | 11 | 144.7 (108.8, 190.2) | 1.0 | -16.3 (-37.5, -4.2) |
| Lee County | 4 | stable | higher | 73 | 206.1 (184.9, 229.5) | 1.4 | -0.6 (-1.6, 0.4) |
| Lancaster County | 5 | falling | higher | 48 | 180.8 (154.1, 212.3) | 1.2 | -1.2 (-2.4, 0.0) |
| King and Queen County | 4 | stable | higher | 21 | 187.0 (151.3, 230.3) | 1.3 | -1.2 (-2.6, 0.1) |
| King William County | 5 | falling | higher | 39 | 170.6 (146.7, 197.4) | 1.2 | -2.0 (-3.1, -0.8) |
| King George County | 8 | falling | similar | 48 | 161.7 (141.3, 184.2) | 1.1 | -1.7 (-2.8, -0.4) |
| James City County | 9 | falling | lower | 186 | 124.4 (116.2, 133.1) | 0.9 | -1.2 (-2.0, -0.4) |
| Isle of Wight County | 5 | falling | higher | 95 | 168.6 (153.3, 185.2) | 1.2 | -1.7 (-2.6, -0.7) |
| Hopewell City | 5 | falling | higher | 58 | 219.3 (194.3, 246.8) | 1.5 | -0.9 (-1.7, 0.0) |
| Highland County | 6 | stable | similar | 7 | 126.6 (87.4, 192.3) | 0.9 | -1.1 (-3.8, 1.6) |
| Henry County | 4 | stable | higher | 147 | 170.4 (157.6, 184.1) | 1.2 | -0.6 (-1.4, 0.2) |
| Henrico County | 8 | falling | similar | 622 | 148.6 (143.3, 154.0) | 1.0 | -1.3 (-1.7, -1.0) |
| Harrisonburg City | 6 | stable | similar | 57 | 141.7 (125.5, 159.5) | 1.0 | -1.1 (-2.4, 0.3) |
| Hanover County | 8 | falling | similar | 237 | 153.0 (144.2, 162.2) | 1.1 | -1.4 (-2.0, -0.9) |
| Hampton City | 5 | falling | higher | 276 | 168.1 (159.1, 177.5) | 1.2 | -1.4 (-1.9, -0.8) |
| Halifax County with South Boston City | 4 | stable | higher | 111 | 187.6 (171.5, 205.0) | 1.3 | -0.5 (-1.3, 0.4) |
| Greensville County | 4 | stable | higher | 30 | 229.1 (193.0, 270.5) | 1.6 | 0.2 (-1.7, 2.1) |
| Greene County | 8 | falling | similar | 36 | 129.6 (111.0, 150.8) | 0.9 | -1.6 (-2.8, -0.2) |
| Grayson County | 5 | falling | higher | 47 | 172.4 (150.3, 197.6) | 1.2 | -1.2 (-2.3, -0.2) |
| Goochland County | 8 | falling | similar | 56 | 132.5 (116.7, 150.2) | 0.9 | -2.2 (-3.2, -1.0) |
| Gloucester County | 5 | falling | higher | 101 | 174.6 (159.2, 191.3) | 1.2 | -1.2 (-2.2, -0.3) |
| Giles County | 4 | stable | higher | 50 | 186.5 (163.5, 212.4) | 1.3 | -1.0 (-2.0, 0.0) |
| Galax City | 5 | falling | higher | 24 | 273.1 (224.8, 329.2) | 1.9 | -8.9 (-19.0, -3.4) |
| Fredericksburg City | 5 | falling | higher | 42 | 169.5 (146.9, 194.6) | 1.2 | -2.4 (-3.5, -1.3) |
| Frederick County | 5 | falling | higher | 200 | 160.7 (150.7, 171.3) | 1.1 | -1.4 (-1.9, -0.8) |
| Franklin County | 8 | falling | similar | 135 | 151.3 (139.4, 164.1) | 1.0 | -0.6 (-1.1, -0.1) |
| Franklin City | 1 | rising | higher | 29 | 251.3 (210.7, 298.2) | 1.7 | 14.1 (3.5, 20.6) |
| Fluvanna County | 8 | falling | similar | 57 | 139.3 (123.2, 157.3) | 1.0 | -1.3 (-2.2, -0.3) |
| Floyd County | 6 | stable | similar | 40 | 153.7 (132.2, 178.4) | 1.1 | -0.3 (-1.5, 0.9) |
| Fauquier County | 8 | falling | similar | 143 | 151.0 (139.9, 162.8) | 1.0 | -1.2 (-2.0, -0.4) |
| Falls Church City | 6 | stable | similar | 28 | 169.6 (142.2, 201.0) | 1.2 | 11.8 (-2.6, 31.1) |
| Fairfax County | 9 | falling | lower | 1,311 | 103.3 (100.7, 105.8) | 0.7 | -2.2 (-2.4, -2.1) |
| Fairfax City | 1 | rising | higher | 65 | 249.9 (223.0, 279.3) | 1.7 | 5.1 (1.3, 13.5) |
| Essex County | 6 | stable | similar | 29 | 174.9 (146.2, 208.4) | 1.2 | -1.1 (-2.6, 0.3) |
| Emporia City | 8 | falling | similar | 14 | 177.1 (136.0, 227.5) | 1.2 | -2.0 (-3.9, -0.3) |
| Dinwiddie County | 5 | falling | higher | 70 | 178.5 (159.7, 199.2) | 1.2 | -1.8 (-2.6, -1.0) |
| Dickenson County | 4 | stable | higher | 44 | 192.4 (166.8, 221.6) | 1.3 | -0.6 (-2.0, 0.8) |
| Danville City | 1 | rising | higher | 138 | 221.3 (204.5, 239.3) | 1.5 | 7.5 (5.5, 10.3) |
| Cumberland County | 4 | stable | higher | 28 | 184.7 (153.7, 220.9) | 1.3 | -1.1 (-2.3, 0.1) |
| Culpeper County | 8 | falling | similar | 101 | 156.8 (143.1, 171.4) | 1.1 | -1.4 (-2.1, -0.7) |
| Craig County | 4 | stable | higher | 16 | 189.8 (148.3, 241.9) | 1.3 | -0.2 (-2.3, 2.0) |
| Covington City | 5 | falling | higher | 16 | 195.3 (153.7, 246.0) | 1.3 | -11.1 (-25.4, -5.1) |
| Colonial Heights City | 4 | stable | higher | 53 | 205.0 (180.5, 232.3) | 1.4 | 2.5 (-0.1, 11.0) |
| Clarke County | 8 | falling | similar | 38 | 149.9 (129.0, 174.0) | 1.0 | -1.7 (-3.1, -0.4) |
| Chesterfield County | 8 | falling | similar | 609 | 144.8 (139.6, 150.2) | 1.0 | -1.7 (-1.9, -1.4) |
| Chesapeake City | 5 | falling | higher | 430 | 161.3 (154.4, 168.5) | 1.1 | -1.8 (-2.2, -1.5) |
| Charlottesville City | 8 | falling | similar | 62 | 142.2 (126.3, 159.5) | 1.0 | -1.9 (-2.6, -1.1) |
| Charlotte County | 4 | stable | higher | 34 | 186.2 (158.0, 218.7) | 1.3 | 0.1 (-1.1, 4.6) |
| Charles City County | 8 | falling | similar | 19 | 151.0 (120.4, 189.4) | 1.0 | -2.2 (-4.0, -0.4) |
| Carroll County | 8 | falling | similar | 84 | 155.6 (140.5, 172.3) | 1.1 | -1.1 (-2.2, -0.1) |
| Caroline County | 8 | falling | similar | 64 | 159.4 (141.9, 178.5) | 1.1 | -2.0 (-2.7, -1.4) |
| Campbell County | 8 | falling | similar | 130 | 152.1 (140.3, 164.8) | 1.0 | -1.6 (-2.4, -0.8) |
| Buena Vista City | 8 | falling | similar | 15 | 164.2 (128.3, 207.9) | 1.1 | -1.6 (-3.3, -0.1) |
| Buckingham County | 5 | falling | higher | 46 | 180.6 (157.5, 206.6) | 1.2 | -1.6 (-2.8, -0.4) |
| Buchanan County | 4 | stable | higher | 66 | 197.2 (175.8, 221.0) | 1.4 | 0.7 (-1.0, 6.7) |
| Brunswick County | 4 | stable | higher | 47 | 185.7 (161.9, 212.6) | 1.3 | 0.6 (-2.0, 9.5) |
| Bristol City | 4 | stable | higher | 50 | 183.7 (161.0, 209.2) | 1.3 | -0.8 (-2.4, 0.6) |
| Botetourt County | 6 | stable | similar | 86 | 150.9 (136.5, 166.7) | 1.0 | 6.4 (-1.4, 12.3) |
| Bland County | 6 | stable | similar | 17 | 154.6 (122.5, 194.9) | 1.1 | -1.1 (-3.0, 0.8) |
| Bedford City and County | 8 | falling | similar | 200 | 156.5 (146.6, 167.0) | 1.1 | -0.9 (-1.5, -0.3) |
| Bath County | 6 | stable | similar | 15 | 182.7 (141.6, 235.8) | 1.3 | -0.8 (-3.1, 1.5) |
| Augusta County | 6 | stable | similar | 178 | 142.8 (133.4, 152.8) | 1.0 | 3.2 (-1.1, 6.3) |
| Arlington County | 9 | falling | lower | 226 | 106.5 (100.2, 113.0) | 0.7 | -2.3 (-2.7, -2.0) |
| Appomattox County | 6 | stable | similar | 37 | 152.7 (130.9, 177.5) | 1.1 | -1.3 (-2.9, 0.3) |
| Amherst County | 5 | falling | higher | 81 | 162.6 (146.8, 179.9) | 1.1 | -1.6 (-2.4, -0.9) |
| Amelia County | 5 | falling | higher | 36 | 172.7 (147.5, 201.7) | 1.2 | -1.6 (-2.7, -0.4) |
| Alleghany County and Clifton Forge City | 8 | falling | similar | 44 | 156.8 (135.8, 180.9) | 1.1 | -1.5 (-2.8, -0.3) |
| Alexandria City | 9 | falling | lower | 176 | 116.9 (109.2, 125.1) | 0.8 | -2.5 (-3.0, -1.9) |
| Albemarle County | 9 | falling | lower | 194 | 116.0 (108.7, 123.8) | 0.8 | -1.9 (-2.4, -1.4) |
| Accomack County | 5 | falling | higher | 100 | 171.3 (155.9, 188.0) | 1.2 | -1.6 (-2.1, -1.0) |
Notes:
Created by statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov on 03/18/2026 8:54 pm.
1 Priority indices were created by ordering from rates that are rising and above the comparison rate to rates that are falling and below the comparison rate.
2 Recent trend in death rates is usually an Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) based on the APCs calculated by Joinpoint. Due to data availability issues, the time period and/or calculation method used in the calculation of the trends may differ for selected geographic areas.
3 Rate ratio is the county rate divided by the US rate. Previous versions of this table used one-year rates for states and five-year rates for counties. As of June 2018, only five-year rates are used.
Source: Death data provided by the National Vital Statistics System public use data file. Death rates calculated by the National Cancer Institute using SEER*Stat. Death rates are age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population (20 age groups: <1, 1-4, 5-9, ... , 80-84, 85-89, 90+). The Healthy People 2030 goals are based on rates adjusted using different methods but the differences should be minimal. Population counts for denominators are based on Census populations as modified by NCI. The US Population Data File is used with mortality data.
Note: When the population size for a denominator is small, the rates may be unstable. A rate is unstable when a small change in the numerator (e.g., only one or two additional cases) has a dramatic effect on the calculated rate. Suppression is used to avoid misinterpretation when rates are unstable.
State Cancer Registries may provide more current or more local data. Data presented on the State Cancer Profiles Web Site may differ from statistics reported by the State Cancer Registries (for more information).
Interpret Rankings provides insight into interpreting cancer statistics. When the population size for a denominator is small, the rates may be unstable. A rate is unstable when a small change in the numerator (e.g., only one or two additional cases) has a dramatic effect on the calculated rate.
Data for United States do not include Puerto Rico.
Created by statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov on 03/18/2026 8:54 pm.
Trend2
Rising
when 95% confidence interval of average annual percent change is above 0.
Stable
when 95% confidence interval of average annual percent change includes 0.
Falling
when 95% confidence interval of average annual percent change is below 0.
Rate Comparison
Above when 95% confident the rate is above and Rate Ratio3 > 1.10
Similar
when unable to conclude above or below with confidence.
Below when 95% confident the rate is below and Rate Ratio3 < 0.90
Rising
when 95% confidence interval of average annual percent change is above 0.Stable
when 95% confidence interval of average annual percent change includes 0.Falling
when 95% confidence interval of average annual percent change is below 0.Rate Comparison
Above
when 95% confident the rate is above and Rate Ratio3 > 1.10Similar
when unable to conclude above or below with confidence.Below
when 95% confident the rate is below and Rate Ratio3 < 0.901 Priority indices were created by ordering from rates that are rising and above the comparison rate to rates that are falling and below the comparison rate.
2 Recent trend in death rates is usually an Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) based on the APCs calculated by Joinpoint. Due to data availability issues, the time period and/or calculation method used in the calculation of the trends may differ for selected geographic areas.
3 Rate ratio is the county rate divided by the US rate. Previous versions of this table used one-year rates for states and five-year rates for counties. As of June 2018, only five-year rates are used.
Source: Death data provided by the National Vital Statistics System public use data file. Death rates calculated by the National Cancer Institute using SEER*Stat. Death rates are age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population (20 age groups: <1, 1-4, 5-9, ... , 80-84, 85-89, 90+). The Healthy People 2030 goals are based on rates adjusted using different methods but the differences should be minimal. Population counts for denominators are based on Census populations as modified by NCI. The US Population Data File is used with mortality data.
Note: When the population size for a denominator is small, the rates may be unstable. A rate is unstable when a small change in the numerator (e.g., only one or two additional cases) has a dramatic effect on the calculated rate. Suppression is used to avoid misinterpretation when rates are unstable.
State Cancer Registries may provide more current or more local data. Data presented on the State Cancer Profiles Web Site may differ from statistics reported by the State Cancer Registries (for more information).
Interpret Rankings provides insight into interpreting cancer statistics. When the population size for a denominator is small, the rates may be unstable. A rate is unstable when a small change in the numerator (e.g., only one or two additional cases) has a dramatic effect on the calculated rate.
Data for United States do not include Puerto Rico.